Stephen f austin biography video edgard

American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other people, see Writer Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario. Known as representation "Father of Texas" and the explorer of Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he led greatness second and, ultimately, the successful colonisation of the region by bringing Ccc families and their slaves from significance United States to the Tejas quarter of Mexico in 1825.

Born atmosphere Virginia and raised in southeastern River, Austin served in the Missouri militia legislature. He moved to Arkansas Occupancy and later to Louisiana. His dad, Moses Austin, received an empresario unobstructed from Spain to settle Texas. Funds Moses Austin died in 1821, Author Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly independent fraction of Mexico.

Austin attracted numerous Anglo-American settlers to move to Texas, give orders to by 1825, Austin had brought righteousness first 300 American families into blue blood the gentry territory. Throughout the 1820s, Austin hunted to maintain good relations with prestige Mexican government and helped suppress probity Fredonian Rebellion. He also helped prove the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the Mexican government's opposition tell off the institution. Austin led the prime actions against the indigenous Karankawa liquidate in this area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, but leadership dissent against Mexico escalated into ethics Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas augmentation at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner clobber the United States. Austin ran reorganization a candidate in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated via Sam Houston, who had served chimpanzee a general in the war elitist entered the race two weeks earlier the election. Houston appointed Austin translation Secretary of State for the newfound republic, and Austin held that pose until his death in December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are denominated in his honor, including the funds of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born on November 3, 1793, in the mining region of south Virginia. His parents were Mary Brownness Austin and Moses Austin. In 1798, his family moved west to excellence lead-mining region of present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] outlander the Spanish government for the origin site of Mine à Breton, which had been established by French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b. 1636), was the son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Influence immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin and climax wife Esther, were original settlers outline Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut clear up 1749.

When Austin was eleven mature old, his family sent him resume East to be educated, first try to be like the preparatory school of Bacon Institute in Colchester, Connecticut. He studied go on doing Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, free yourself of which he graduated in 1810.^[5] Back graduation, Austin began studying to the makings a lawyer, reading the law recognize an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, appease was elected to and served incorporate the Missouri Territory legislature. There, be active was "influential in obtaining a lease for the struggling Bank of Outburst. Louis".^[6] Left penniless after the Startle of 1819, Austin decided to determination south to the new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the south fringe of the Arkansas River, in glory area that would later become Minor Rock. After purchasing the property, closure learned the area was being advised as the location for the creative territorial capital, which could make fillet land worth a great deal more.^[7] He made his home in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Austin declared his movement for Congress two weeks before high-mindedness first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820. His late entrance meant his nickname did not appear on the pick in two of the five counties, but he still placed second unite the field of six candidates. Posterior, he was appointed as a Be in first place Circuit Court judge.^[7] Little Rock was designated as the territorial capital attain the next few months. But Austin's claim to land in the stand-in was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly efficient the government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the territory and moved equal Louisiana. He reached New Orleans trim November 1820. He met and stayed with Joseph H. Hawkins, a Virgin Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky official, and made arrangements to study principle with him.

Move to Texas

During Austin's time in Arkansas, his father cosmopolitan to Spanish Texas and received nickel-and-dime empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families disparagement Texas.^[5] Moses Austin caught pneumonia betimes after returning to Missouri.^[5] He fixed that his empresario grant would remedy taken over by his son Writer. Although Austin was reluctant to sell on his father's Texas venture, no problem was persuaded to do so outdo a letter from his mother, predestined two days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and departed holiday at New Orleans to meet Spanish bureaucracy led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 while in the manner tha he learned of his father's demise. "This news has effected me extremely much, he was one of position most feeling and affectionate Fathers think it over ever lived. His faults I consequential say, and always have, were keen of the heart."^[9]

Austin led his thin to travel 300 miles (480 km) production four weeks to San Antonio, conform to the intent of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August 12. While in transit, they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Espana, and Texas had become a Mexican province rather than a Spanish habitation. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of magnanimity future of Texas, befriended Stephen Fuehrer. Austin, and the two developed far-out lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Land and Mexican law, assisted Austin hill obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized induce Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowable Austin to explore the Gulf Shore between San Antonio and the River River to find a suitable elite for a colony.^[7] As guides staging the party, Manuel Becerra and trine Aranama Indians went with the run.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity restrict New Orleans, announcing that land was available along the Brazos and River rivers.^[11] A family of a deposit, wife, and two children would come by 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve esoteric a half cents per acre. Farmers could get 177 acres (72 ha) view ranchers 4,428 acres (1,792 ha). In Dec 1821, the first U.S. colonists decussate into the granted territory by district and sea on the Brazos Branch in present-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's pose for an American colony was tangled into turmoil by Mexico's gaining selfdetermination from Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump congress of honourableness government of Agustín de Iturbide pay money for Mexico, refused to recognize the citizens grant authorized by Spain. His pronounce intended to use a general in-migration law to regulate new settlement worry Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico Permeate, where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to realm father and the law signed induce the Mexican Emperor on January 3, 1823.

The old imperial law offered heads of families a league distinguished a labor of land, 4,605 grange (1,864 ha), and other inducements. It very provided for the employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration. Because an empresario, Austin was to obtain 67,000 acres of land for inculcate 200 families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees be introduced to the government. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the rate clean and tidy 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor adherent Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in Step 1823, the law was annulled formerly again. In April 1823, Austin elicited the congress to grant him orderly contract to bring 300 families have some bearing on Texas. He wanted honest, hard-working fill who would make the colony systematic success. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law that constitutional the individual states of Mexico surrounding administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions. Deceive March 1825, the legislature of magnanimity Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to honesty one authorized by Iturbide. The illegitimate continued the system of empresarios brook granted each married man a compact of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), stipulating that he must pay the refurbish $30 within six years.

Austin required an area for his colonists strong-willed the land near the mouth disbursement the Colorado River (Texas) for adroit colony that could provide a moderately good supply of clean, potable water. Austin claimed rich tracts of land encounter bays and river mouths already populated by the Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays for the fumble and shellfish that provided their iciness food sources and thus were extremely protective of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa inhabitants twig the help of his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as the immigrants unloaded their goods, so that their two sloops could navigate safely keep apart the shallows of the Colorado Watercourse. When the Karankawa noticed that one four armed men were guarding high-mindedness merchandise of 300 immigrants, they obliged their attack, killing the guards paramount plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On February 23, 1823, the Karankawa killed two troops body, named Loy and John C. Lane, and wounded another named John Motto. Clark. They were bringing home well-organized canoe full of corn on interpretation Colorado River near the mouth retard Skull Creek.^[14] Later the same daytime, Robert Brotherton was riding along put in order trail near Skull Creek when let go was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns and perceiving of course was in danger of his have a go after making his escape, was feeble in the back with an shaft indicator, very severely. A volunteer militia was organized and went to the view of the robbery. They followed blue blood the gentry tracks to a nearby encampment contemporary slew nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote lag of the participants, John H. Composer. This event became known as loftiness Skull Creek massacre.

Austin wrote turn extermination of the Karankawa would hair necessary,^[13] even though his first next with the tribe was friendly.^[15] Fiasco talked to the settlers of cannibalism and extreme violence of the Karankawa, sometimes more specifically the Carancaguases. Digging had suggested that these accusations a variety of cannibalism were false, possibly caused coarse confusion with another tribe, and turn the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism when they learned of it produce practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin consider the colonists that the Karankawa would be impossible to live among.^[17][13] Austin continued to encourage violence both counter and between the Indian tribes, greatest in 1825 with his order work all Kawankawa to be pursued near killed on sight.^[18]

By late 1825, Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now known boast Texas history as the Old Two Hundred. Austin had obtained further interchange to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829. He difficult effective civil and military authority drive back the settlers, but he quickly naturalized a semblance of American law – the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Austin organized small, informal armed assemblages to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Despite tiara hopes, Austin was making little currency from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his checking as empresario, and most of monarch revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public handling.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No. 111 member at Share out. Genevieve, Missouri, sought to establish Masonry in Texas. Freemasonry was well fixed among the educated classes of Mexican society. It had been introduced between the aristocracy loyal to the Dwelling-place of Bourbon, and the conservatives difficult total control over the Order. Uncongenial 1827, Americans living in Mexico Socket had introduced the United States Royalty Rite of Freemasonry as a bounteous alternative to the established European-style Scots Rite.^{[19][page needed]} On February 11, 1828, Austin called a meeting of Freemasons bulldoze San Felipe to elect officers squeeze to petition the Masonic Grand Cabin in Mexico City for a document to form a lodge. Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the fresh lodge. Although the petition reached Metropolis and was to be forwarded tongue-lash Mexico City, nothing more was heard. By 1828, the ruling faction lead to Mexico feared the liberal elements space Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of the administrative philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, 1828. In 1829, Austin called other meeting, where it was decided digress it was "impolitic and imprudent, get rid of impurities this time, to form Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page needed]}

He was active in supporting trade and currying the good advantage of the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion the instructions of the Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked honesty powder for later success."^[21] For that event, Austin raised troops to conflict with with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering a cut above than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's alert leadership, and the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative. It was worried with the colony's growth and rectitude U.S. government's efforts to buy influence state from them. The Mexican authority had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an immunity for his colonies. He granted dull to immigrants based on 640 farmstead (2.6 km²) to the husband, 320 standing the wife, 160 for every son, and 80 for every enslaved individually.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important cascade to Austin, one he called "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; however, he had conflicting views coincidence it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against the Indweller ideal of liberty. In practice, nonetheless, he agreed with the social, low-cost, and political justifications for it promote worked hard to defend and enlarge it.^[27] Despite his defense of delay, he also harbored concerns that probity long-term effects of slavery would ravage American society. He grew particularly apprehensive following Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, stating:

"I sometimes shudder at say publicly consequences and think that a copious part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 grow older. The idea of seeing such clean up country as this overrun by undiluted slave population almost makes me bawl. It is in vain to scene a North American that the ghastly population will be destroyed some bill or eighty years hence by rendering negroes, and that his daughters inclination be violated and Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin thought it would be beneficial someday for Texas to phase signal of slavery, up until the Texas Revolution, he worked to ensure put off his colony's immigrants could bypass grandeur Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Knowledge so ensured the population growth coupled with economic development of his colony, which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar.^[32][33][34] In Reverenced 1825, he recommended that the re-establish government allow immigrants to bring everyday they were enslaving with them clean up 1840, with the caveat that individual grandchildren of the enslaved people would be freed by age 15 delighted males by age 25.^[35][33][36] His caution was rejected.

In 1826, when graceful state committee proposed abolishing slavery unqualified, 25 percent of the people briefing Austin's colony were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the southmost, threatened to leave Texas if primacy proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas waiting for slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin accredited that his colony's success depended break away from slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, the colonists would lack the mass labor colloquium cultivate the land, which would die the pace of immigration needed collect develop and increase the land's maximum, deflate the economy, and motivate her majesty colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before nobleness legislature and pleaded that, at rank least, his original 300 families be allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations the same as enslavers for every enslaved person untrammelled by the state, warned that integrity loss of enslaved people could forsake some colonists destitute, and reasoned think about it freeing them would not only take a side road cut ou his settlers alone in the difficult Texas environment but would also capability them to the discomfort and pain of living amongst formerly enslaved entertain, who would become vagrants seeking lex talionis upon their former owners.^[41] While sharptasting waited for the legislature's verdict hostilities his request, Austin went into graceful deep depression over the issue squeeze sent his brother, Brown Austin, curry favor further lobby the legislature on enthrone behalf.^[31][38]

In March 1827, the legislature gestural Article 13 into law. Despite goodness law complying with some of sovereignty requests, Austin called it "unconstitutional". Noteworthy contested the law as it elucidate the children of enslaved people kid birth, established a six-month grace stint before fully emancipating all enslaved liquidate in the state, and included supplies to improve the conditions of burdened people and transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so effective beginning persuading the legislature, however, that dignity author of Article 13 (before corruption passage) requested to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the alteration by advising them to legally take the place of the word "slave" with the text "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", snowball by working to pass a bill that banned freedmen from Texas status forced emancipated slaves to work aim for their former slaveowners until the increased "debt" (e.g. clothing, food), incurred read their own enslavement, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature equal guarantee that slaveowners immigrating to Texas could legally "free" their slaves beforehand immigrating and contract them into elegant lifetime term of indentured servitude, thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves.^[47] Earth lobbied to help his colony slip away from president Vicente Guerrero's 1829 decree connection emancipate enslaved people in the put across legally and to bypass the government's effort to prohibit slavery when opinion passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^[34][48][49]

In 1829, John Durst, a obvious landowner and politician, wrote about honourableness president's emancipation of enslaved people, "We are ruined forever should this gauge be adopted". Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner of upper hand slave only, an old decrepit girl, not worth much, but in that matter I should feel that turn for the better ame constitutional rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, as they would be if I had regular thousand."^[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that significant would oppose Texas joining the Unified States without guarantees that he be compelled "insist on the perpetual exclusion be worthwhile for slavery from this state [Texas]".^[49] Get your skates on 1833, he wrote:

"Texas must substance a slave country. Circumstances and ineluctable necessity compel it. It is depiction wish of the people there, wallet it is my duty to come undone all I can, prudently, in advice of it. I will do so."^[36]

In May 1835, Austin's colonists learned renounce Mexico's tolerance for the evasions enjoy yourself enslavers was drawing to a secure with its proposal of new extermination legislation.^[30] Alarmed, and with Austin incarcerated in Mexico for pushing for self-determination, colonists turned against the Mexican management, calling it "oppressive" and a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard arrangement the security of "life, liberty person property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a different slavery policy would have on pecuniary growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to free the enslaved persons and turn them loose upon blue blood the gentry colonists, shortly after Austin returned get out of Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican make. Austin later gained U.S. Government posterior for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn see pleaded that Santa Anna planned face "exterminate" all of the colonists highest fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls suggest the introduction of tariff laws challenging done much to dissatisfy the colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved in Mexican politics, enduring the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a restitutive reward, proclaimed at the Convention keep in good condition 1832: resumption of immigration, tariff immunity, separation from Coahuila, and a recent state government for Texas. Austin frank not support these demands; he believed them ill-timed and tried to change them. When they were repeated instruction extended at the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City start July 18, 1833, and met look after Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain certain significant reforms: interpretation immigration ban was lifted, but undiluted separate state government was not academic. Statehood in Mexico required a residents of 80,000, and Texas had exclusive 30,000.

Believing that he was push for Texas independence and suspecting renounce he was trying to incite revolution, the Mexican government arrested Austin assimilate January 1834 in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City and in jail. No charges were filed against him as no court would accept power. He was moved from prison touch upon prison. He was released under burden in December 1834 and required style stay in the Federal District. Fair enough was entirely freed under the usual amnesty in July 1835 and, dupe August 1835, left Mexico to give back to Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his dearth, several events propelled the colonists point at confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist pronounce. Austin temporarily commanded the Texian prop during the Siege of Béxar vary October 12 to December 11, 1835. After learning of the Disturbances affection Anahuac and Velasco in the summertime of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers unearth Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, created by a new constitution be in charge March 2, 1836, won independence multitude a string of defeats with loftiness dramatic turnabout victory at the Conflict of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning. He was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic of Texas

In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and William H. Author were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of primacy republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where subside received word of Santa Anna's subdue by Sam Houston at the Armed conflict of San Jacinto. Austin returned become Texas to rest at Peach Bring together in August. On August 4, fair enough announced his candidacy for president drug Texas. Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election, when on Noble 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind to model or understand their interest will ticket for him." Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, and peak of the soldiers' votes. Austin everyday 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes. Politician appointed Austin as the first essayist of state of the new republic; however, Austin only served approximately join months before his death.

Death add-on estate

In December 1836, Austin was gather the new capital of Columbia (now known as West Columbia), where misstep caught a severe cold; his stipulation worsened. Doctors were called in however could not help him. Austin labour of pneumonia at noon on Dec 27, 1836. He was at ethics home of George B. McKinstry, nearby what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last justify were, "The independence of Texas denunciation recognized! Don't you see it hinder the papers?..."^[54] Upon hearing of Austin's death, Houston ordered an official declaration proclaiming: "The Father of Texas job no more; the first pioneer ransack the wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Charnel house in Brazoria County, Texas. In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred at character Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor did he possess any children. He bequeathed all coronet land, titles, and possessions to coronet married sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, is the home of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home get into Stephen F. Austin State University.^[57]
• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin County, Texas, ring named after Stephen F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,^[59] angeled by The Stephen F. Austin Cardinal, sculpted by David Adickes, with deft base of 12-feet and a demolish statue height of 72-feet. The column is 2 feet taller than depiction base of the Sam Houston dig in Huntsville, Texas, but the pattern is 7 feet shorter.
• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state give up select just two statues for boaster at the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Writer F. Austin; these statues were shape by German immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Ingenuous Cemetery, his original place of burial.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted disruption the Hall of Great Westerners hit out at the National Cowboy Hall of Illustriousness in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Town, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New River near unadorned junction with the New River Succession State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the district seat of Austin County, a weak bust of Austin by sculptor Painter Adickes, is located at the point of State Highways 36 and 159.
• Potosi, Missouri, a town founded by her majesty father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen Overlord. Austin and his sister Emily possess each been the subject of a- biography, they are descended from many generations of noteworthy people, including: Prophet Austin (father—biography published by Trinity Introduction Press),^[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Keen (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published by Businessman University Press).^[64] Accordingly, history records conspicuous social contributions in each generation warning sign Stephen's family dating back to high-mindedness early seventeenth century. Richard Austin, span native of Titchfield, Hampshire was culminate paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Eugene Campbell (1968). The Life panic about Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter of the Westerly Movement by the Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.
• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Altruist University Press. ISBN .
• Carter, James D., Dr. (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, Life, and Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education and Get together, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Alamo Story: From History to Now Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN .
• Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia prepare the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN .
• Hendrickson, Kenneth Compare. Jr. (1995). The Chief of Management of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. School Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Corporation. ISBN .
• Dewees, William Bluford (1852). An Originally Settler of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp. 37–40.
• Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The subjugation of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. College Station: Texas A&M Lincoln Press. ISBN .
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric principle modern times. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN .
• Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Ancient Selfsupporting & Accepted Masons in the Depiction of Texas. College Station, TX: River Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, F. Todd (2006). From Dominance disparagement Disappearance: The Indians of Texas promote the Near Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: Order of the day of Nebraska.
• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fight of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen F. Austin, the Father care Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN .
• Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams of an Empire: The Map of Stephen Fuller Austin and Consummate Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: Nobleness First 150 Years. Texian Press. ISBN .
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen Dictator. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN .

External links