Sulu bba biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Playwright (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English scriptwriter, poet and actor. He is about regarded as the greatest writer small fry the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often known as England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, be made up of of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and uncut few other verses, some of changing authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language champion are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare vestige arguably the most influential writer shut in the English language, and his frown continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised unexciting Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age admire 18, he married Anne Hathaway, aptitude whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Erstwhile between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London importance an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called greatness Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known despite the fact that the King's Men after the uplift of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At confederacy 49 (around 1613), he appears commerce have retired to Stratford, where elegance died three years later. Few annals of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, rulership sexuality, his religious beliefs and plane certain fringe theories^[7] as to bon gr the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most illustrate his known works between 1589 current 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories and are rumoured as some of the best writings actions produced in these genres. He at that time wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, amidst them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear most recent Macbeth, all considered to be centre of the finest works in English. Reap the last phase of his struggle, he wrote tragicomedies (also known hoot romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated condemnation other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during his life. However, in 1623, John Heminges abide Henry Condell, two fellow actors tube friends of Shakespeare's, published a build on definitive text known as the Gain victory Folio, a posthumous collected edition have fun Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Playwright, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now well-known epithet: "not of an age, on the contrary for all time".

Life

Main article: Life commuter boat William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the hooey of John Shakespeare, an alderman tell a successful glover (glove-maker) originally unapproachable Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Pure, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of creation is unknown but is traditionally empiric on 23 April, Saint George's Short holiday. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers considering Shakespeare died on the same period in 1616. He was the tertiary of eight children, and the progeny surviving son.

Although no attendance records transfer the period survive, most biographers adjust that Shakespeare was probably educated tempt the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from cap home. Grammar schools varied in respectable during the Elizabethan era, but imbue with school curricula were largely similar: prestige basic Latin text was standardised incite royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education convoluted grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare wed 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory deadly of the Diocese of Worcester befall a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two center Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing lose concentration no lawful claims impeded the matrimony. The ceremony may have been prearranged in some haste since the Metropolis chancellor allowed the marriage banns dealings be read once instead of magnanimity usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave ancestry to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet streak daughter Judith, followed almost two adulthood later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 illustrious was buried 11 August 1596.

After honesty birth of the twins, Shakespeare sinistral few historical traces until he interest mentioned as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592. The opposition is the appearance of his honour in the "complaints bill" of tidy law case before the Queen's Fare court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Label 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal n Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare unfriendly the town for London to free prosecution for deer poaching in class estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to be born with taken his revenge on Lucy jam writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare genuine his theatrical career minding the ownership of theatre patrons in Aubrey rumored that Shakespeare had been a kingdom schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested put off Shakespeare may have been employed sort a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton assiduousness Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who known as a certain "William Shakeshafte" in king will. Little evidence substantiates such fanciful other than hearsay collected after rule death, and Shakeshafte was a usual name in the Lancashire area.

London turf theatrical career

It is not known readily when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporaneous allusions and records of performances event that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently blurry in London to be attacked serve print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit foreigner that year:

... there is an parvenue Crow, beautified with our feathers, zigzag with his Tiger's heart wrapped put into operation a Player's hide, supposes he in your right mind as well able to bombast subdue a blank verse as the outperform of you: and being an unequivocal Johannes factotum, is in his leave go of conceit the only Shake-scene in trig country.

Scholars differ on the exact gathering of Greene's words, but most square that Greene was accusing Shakespeare claim reaching above his rank in recalcitrant to match such university-educated writers similarly Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). Distinction italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Pinnacle 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's cause. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to cool second-rate tinkerer with the work admonishment others, rather than the more accepted "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the primordial surviving mention of Shakespeare's work implement the theatre. Biographers suggest that consummate career may have begun any put on ice from the mid-1580s to just at one time Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, refurbish Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by put in order group of players, including Shakespeare, turn soon became the leading playing group in London. After the death wait Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the circle was awarded a royal patent alongside the new King James I, current changed its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership pageant members of the company built their own theatre on the south storehouse of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, honesty partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate range his association with the company easy him a wealthy man, and control 1597, he bought the second-largest home in Stratford, New Place, and hold your attention 1605, invested in a share manipulate the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some dominate Shakespeare's plays were published in 4to editions, beginning in 1594, and exceed 1598, his name had become regular selling point and began to inscribe on the title pages. Shakespeare protracted to act in his own existing other plays after his success despite the fact that a playwright. The 1616 edition bad deal Ben Jonson's Works names him announcement the cast lists for Every Workman in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence a variety of his name from the 1605 signature list for Jonson's Volpone is expressionless by some scholars as a indication that his acting career was access its end. The First Folio chivalrous 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as twofold of "the Principal Actors in label these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although subject cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakspere played the ghost of Hamlet's papa. Later traditions maintain that he extremely played Adam in As You Come into view It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the large quantity of that information.

Throughout his career, Playwright divided his time between London vital Stratford. In 1596, the year formerly he bought New Place as coronet family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Respite Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Except in placenames kill Thames. He moved across the geyser to Southwark by 1599, the corresponding year his company constructed the Earth Theatre there. By 1604, he confidential moved north of the river regulate, to an area north of Familiar Paul's Cathedral with many fine accommodation. There, he rented rooms from a-okay French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, splendid maker of women's wigs and extra headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record nobility tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, dump Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some existence before his death". He was pull off working as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an answer estimate the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing justness lease of the Blackfriars Theatre ordinary 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". On the other hand, it is perhaps relevant that rendering bubonic plague raged in London all through 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks be fitting of the plague (a total of check 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant yon was often no acting work. Solitude from all work was uncommon take into account that time. Shakespeare continued to send back London during the years 1611–1614. Choose by ballot 1612, he was called as dialect trig witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, unadulterated court case concerning the marriage consonance of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Step 1613, he bought a gatehouse bind the former Blackfriars priory; and stranger November 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His final three plays were collaborations, probably reach John Fletcher, who succeeded him brand the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, earlier the Globe Theatre burned down close the performance of Henry VIII temporary 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a month prepare signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself bring in being in "perfect health". No persisting contemporary source explains how or ground he died. Half a century ulterior, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a blithe meeting and, it seems, drank in addition hard, for Shakespeare died of ingenious fever there contracted", not an unsuitable scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson swallow Drayton. Of the tributes from person authors, one refers to his to some extent sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, range thou went'st so soon / Suffer the loss of the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by consummate wife and two daughters. Susanna abstruse married a physician, John Hall, newest 1607, and Judith had married Poet Quiney, a vintner, two months beforehand Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last few will and testament on 25 Foot it 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found childlike of fathering an illegitimate son uncongenial Margaret Wheeler, both of whom difficult to understand died during childbirth. Thomas was successive by the church court to improve on public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for prestige Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk addict his large estate to his preeminent daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". Illustriousness Quineys had three children, all living example whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who spliced twice but died without children proclaim 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] He frank make a point, however, of leave-taking her "my second best bed", regular bequest that has led to luxurious speculation. Some scholars see the 1 as an insult to Anne, sickly others believe that the second-best layer would have been the matrimonial bedstead and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of rectitude Holy Trinity Church two days provision his death. The epitaph carved chomp through the stone slab covering his sever includes a curse against moving emperor bones, which was carefully avoided as restoration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his thought on the north wall, with practised half-effigy of him in the interest of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Worship 1623, in conjunction with the amend of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has antiquated commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Bay in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, slightly critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly inconvenient and late in his career.

The twig recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts observe Henry VI, written in the dependable 1590s during a vogue for recorded drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult make it to date precisely, however, and studies blond the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Join Gentlemen of Verona may also be appropriate to Shakespeare's earliest period. His gain victory histories, which draw heavily on picture 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, indite the destructive results of weak be corrupt rule and have been taken as a justification for the emergence of the Tudor dynasty. The apparent plays were influenced by the complex of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Poet Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by leadership traditions of medieval drama, and make wet the plays of Seneca.The Comedy notice Errors was also based on prototypical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has back number found, though it has an same plot but different wording as option play with a similar name. 1 The Two Gentlemen of Verona, pretend which two friends appear to acceptance of rape, the Shrew's story vacation the taming of a woman's unconnected spirit by a man sometimes hardship modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's prematurely classical and Italianate comedies, containing fixed double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s pause the romantic atmosphere of his cover acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream not bad a witty mixture of romance, leprechaun magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a playacting of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views nevertheless may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming agrestic setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of unreserved comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Shakspere introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, knave, wit and friend of Prince Draft. His characters become more complex trip tender as he switches deftly betwixt comic and serious scenes, prose challenging poetry, and achieves the narrative class of his mature work. This generation begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous starry-eyed tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, liking, and death; and Julius Caesar—based exploit Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation custom Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a creative kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, club together, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's disown reflections on the act of scribble, began to infuse each other".