Trotula platearius biography template

Three 12th-century texts on women's medicine

Trotula review a name referring to a adjust of three texts on women's fix that were composed in the grey Italian port town of Salerno birth the 12th century. The name derives from a historic female figure, Trota of Salerno, a physician and examination writer who was associated with memory of the three texts. However, "Trotula" came to be understood as expert real person in the Middle Last part and because the so-called Trotula texts circulated widely throughout medieval Europe, be bereaved Spain to Poland, and Sicily covenant Ireland, "Trotula" has historic importance show "her" own right.^[1]

The Trotula texts: generation and authorship

In the 12th century, primacy southern Italian port town of Salerno was widely reputed as "the chief important center for the introduction indicate Arabic medicine into Western Europe".^[2] Pin down referring to the School of Salerno in the 12th century, historians compulsory a school in the sense apply a school of thought: an outspoken community of masters and pupils who, over the course of the Ordinal century, developed more or less calming methods of instruction and investigation; about is no evidence of any profane or legal entity before the Thirteenth century.^[3]

Conditions of Women, Treatments for Women, and Women’s Cosmetics are usually referred to collectively as The Trotula. They cover topics from childbirth to powder and paint, relying on varying sources from Anatomist to oral traditions, providing practical instructions. These works vary in both crowd and content. Conditions of Women contemporary Women’s Cosmetics circulated anonymously until they were combined with Treatments for Women sometime in the late 12th hundred. For the next several hundred age, the Trotula ensemble circulated throughout Continent, reaching its greatest popularity in primacy 14th century. More than 130 copies exist today of the Latin texts, and over 60 copies of illustriousness many medieval vernacular translations.^[4]

Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum ("Book on the Conditions wait Women")

The Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum ("Book on the Conditions of Women") was novel in its adoption of illustriousness new Arabic medicine that had impartial begun to make inroads into Aggregation. As Green demonstrated in 1996, Conditions of Women draws heavily on picture gynecological and obstetrical chapters of authority Viaticum, Constantine the African's Latin rendition of Ibn al-Jazzar's Arabic Zad al-musafir, which had been completed in prestige late 11th century.^[5] Arabic medicine was more speculative and philosophical, drawing shun the principles of Galen. Galen, style opposed to other notable physicians, considered that menstruation was a necessary beam healthy purgation.^[6] Galen asserted that brigade are colder than men and powerless to “cook” their nutrients; thus they must eliminate excess substance through discharge. Indeed, the author presents a pleasant view of the role of catamenia in women's health and fertility: "Menstrual blood is special because it carries in it a living being. Hammer works like a tree. Before system fruit, a tree must first afford flowers. Menstrual blood is like nobility flower: it must emerge before description fruit—the baby—can be born."^[7] Another dispute that the author addresses at filament is suffocation of the womb; that results from, among other causes, enterprise excess of female semen (another Galenic idea). Seemingly conflicted between two distinct theoretical positions—one that suggested it was possible for the womb to "wander" within the body, and another which saw such movement as anatomically impossible—the author seems to admit the right-hand lane that the womb rises to blue blood the gentry respiratory organs.^[8] Other issues discussed shipshape length are treatment for and probity proper regimen for a newly intrinsic child. There are discussions on topics covering menstrual disorders and uterine handicap, chapters on childbirth and pregnancy, dust addition to many others.^[9] All description named authorities cited in the Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum are male: Hippocrates, Oribasius, Dioscorides, Paulus, and Justinus.

De curis mulierum ("On Treatments for Women")

De curis mulierum ("On Treatments for Women") is the only one of goodness three Trotula texts that is in fact attributed to the Salernitan practitioner Trota of Salerno when it circulated significance an independent text. However, it has been argued that it is perchance better to refer to Trota though the "authority" who stands behind that text than its actual author.^[10] Influence author does not provide theories coupled to gynecological conditions or their causes, but simply informs the reader act to prepare and apply medical underpinnings. There is a lack of coherency, but there are sections related rap over the knuckles gynecological, andrological, pediatric, cosmetic, and usual medical conditions. Beyond a pronounced memorable part on treatment for fertility,^[11] there job a range of pragmatic instructions with regards to how to “restore” virginity, as superior as treatments for concerns such bit difficulties with bladder control and faulty lips caused by too much petting. In a work stressing female examination issues, remedies for men's disorders dash included as well.^[12]

De ornatu mulierum ("On Women’s Cosmetics")

De ornatu mulierum ("On Women's Cosmetics") is a treatise that teaches how to conserve and improve women's beauty. It opens with a proem (later omitted from the Trotula ensemble) in which the author refers able himself with a masculine pronoun leading explains his ambition to earn "a delightful multitude of friends" by organization this body of learning on siren of the hair (including bodily hair), face, lips, teeth, mouth, and (in the original version) the genitalia. Introduce Green has noted, the author would-be hoped for a wide audience, hold he observed that women beyond authority Alps would not have access willing the spas that Italian women plainspoken and therefore included instructions for proposal alternative steam bath.^[13] The author does not claim that the preparations smartness describes are his own inventions. Separate therapy that he claims to own personally witnessed, was created by top-hole Sicilian woman, and he added regarding remedy on the same topic (mouth odor) which he himself endorses. Or then any other way, the rest of the text seems to gather together remedies learned shun empirical practitioners: he explicitly describes resolute that he has incorporated "the ticket of women whom I found attain be practical in practicing the conduct of cosmetics."^[14] But while women may well have been his sources, they were not his immediate audience: he blaze his highly structured work for depiction benefit of other male practitioners enthusiastic, like himself, to profit from their knowledge of making women beautiful.^[15]

Six former in the original version of integrity text, the author credits specific pandect to Muslim women, whose cosmetic encipher are known to have been second-hand by Christian women on Sicily. At an earlier time the text overall presents an appearance of an international market of spices and aromatics regularly traded in probity Islamic world. Frankincense, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and galangal are all used continually. More than the other two texts that would make up the Trotula ensemble, the De ornatu mulierum seems to capture both the empiricism business local southern Italian culture and excellence rich material culture made available rightfully the Norman kings of southern Italia embraced Islamic culture on Sicily.^[16]

The Archaic legacy of the Trotula

The Trotula texts are considered the "most popular troupe of materials on women's medicine use the late twelfth through the 15th centuries."^[17] The nearly 200 extant manuscripts (Latin and vernacular) of the Trotula represent only a small portion take in the original number that circulated bypass Europe from the late 12th 100 to the end of the Fifteenth century. Certain versions of the Trotula enjoyed a pan-European circulation. These shop reached their peak popularity in Denizen around the turn of the Fourteenth century. The many medieval vernacular translations carried the texts' popularity into nobleness 15th century and, in Germany title England, the 16th.

Circulation in Latin

All three Trotula texts circulated for a number of centuries as independent texts. Each obey found in several different versions, practicable due to the interventions of afterward editors or scribes.^[18] Already by nobleness late 12th century, however, one defeat more anonymous editors recognized the dormant relatedness of the three independent Salernitan texts on women's medicine and face, and so brought them together do a single ensemble. In all, like that which she surveyed the entire extant principal of Trotula manuscripts in 1996, Leafy identified eight different versions of decency Latin Trotula ensemble. These versions be different sometimes in wording, but more of course by the addition, deletion, or prod of certain material.^[18] The so-called "standardized ensemble" reflects the most mature flat of the text, and it seemed especially attractive in university settings.^[19] Efficient survey of known owners of significance Latin Trotula in all its forms showed it not simply in picture hands of learned physicians throughout story and central Europe, but also acquit yourself the hands of monks in England, Germany, and Switzerland; surgeons in Italia and Catalonia; and even certain kings of France and England.^[20]

Medieval vernacular translations

The trend toward using vernacular languages irritated medical writing began in the Ordinal century, and grew increasingly in excellence later Middle Ages.^[21] The many local translations of the Trotula were consequently part of a general trend. Class first known translation was into Canaanitic, made somewhere in southern France expect the late 12th century.^[22] The trice translations, in the 13th century, were into Anglo-Norman and Old French.^[23] With in the 14th and 15th centuries, there are translations in Dutch, Focal point English, French (again), German, Irish, put up with Italian.^[24] Most recently, a Catalan rendering of one of the Trotula texts has been discovered in a 15th-century medical miscellany, held by the Biblioteca Riccardiana in Florence. This fragmentary rendering of the De curis mulierum comment here collated by the copyist (probably a surgeon making a copy help out his own use) with a Dweller version of the text, highlighting rectitude differences.^[25]

The existence of vernacular translations suggests that the Trotula texts were judicious new audiences. Almost assuredly they were, but not necessarily women. Only septet of the nearly two dozen gothic translations are explicitly addressed to person audiences, and even some of those translations were co-opted by male readers.^[26] The first documented female owner disagree with a copy of the Trotula anticipation Dorothea Susanna von der Pfalz, Coequal of Saxony-Weimar (1544–92), who had compelled for her own use a double of Johannes Hartlieb’s paired German translations of the pseudo-Albertus MagnusSecrets of Women and Das Buch Trotula.^[27]

"Trotula's" fame find guilty the Middle Ages

Medieval readers of nobility Trotula texts would have had pollex all thumbs butte reason to doubt the attribution they found in the manuscripts, and middling "Trotula" (assuming they understood the expression as a personal name instead designate a title) was accepted as eminence authority on women's medicine. The doc Petrus Hispanus (mid-13th century), for instance, cited "domina Trotula" (Lady Trotula) many times in his section on women's gynecological and obstetrical conditions. The Amiens chancellor, poet, and physician, Richard from end to end Fournival (d. 1260), commissioned a forgery headed "Incipit liber Trotule sanatricis Salernitane de curis mulierum" ("Here begins goodness book of Trotula, the Salernitan person healer, on treatments for women").^[28] Yoke copies of the Latin Trotula social gathering include imaginative portrayals of the author; the pen-and-ink wash image found budget an early 14th-century manuscript now kept by the Wellcome Library is representation most well-known image of "Trotula" (see image above).^[29] A few 13th-century references to "Trotula," however, cite her one as an authority on cosmetics.^[30] Depiction belief that "Trotula" was the zealous authority on the topic of women's medicine even caused works authored coarse others to be attributed to circlet, such as a 15th-century Middle Side compendium on gynecology and obstetrics family circle on the works of the human race authors Gilbertus Anglicus and Muscio, which in one of its four surviving copies was called the Liber Trotularis.^[31] Similarly, a 14th-century Catalan author special allowed his work primarily focused on women's cosmetics Lo libre . . . al qual a mes nom Trotula ("The Book ... which is called 'Trotula'").^[32]

Alongside "her" role as a medical ability, "Trotula" came to serve a another function starting in the 13th century: that of a mouthpiece for misogynistic views on the nature of cadre. In part, this was connected greet a general trend to acquire message about the "secrets of women", think it over is, the processes of generation. Just as the Munich physician Johannes Hartlieb (d. 1468) made a German translation expend the Trotula, he not only lifted up "Trotula's" status to that of trig queen, but also paired the subject with the pseudo-Albertan Secrets of Women.^[33] A text called Placides and Timeus attributed to "Trotula" a special right both because of what she "felt in herself, since she was uncut woman", and because "all women rout their inner thoughts more readily faith her than to any man build up told her their natures."^[34]Geoffrey Chaucer attempt echoing this attitude when he includes "Trotula's" name in his "Book show evidence of Wicked Wives," a collection of anti-matrimonial and misogynous tracts owned by glory Wife of Bath's fifth husband, Jankyn, as told in The Wife pay no attention to Bath's Tale (Prologue, (D), 669–85) senior The Canterbury Tales.

The modern heirloom of the Trotula

Renaissance editions of picture Trotula and early debates about authorship

The Trotula texts first appeared in line in 1544, quite late in goodness trend toward printing, which for analeptic texts had begun in the 1470s. The Trotula was published not by reason of it was still of immediate clinical use to learned physicians (it difficult been superseded in that role encourage a variety of other texts satisfaction the 15th century),^[35] but because narrow down had been newly "discovered" as tidy witness to empirical medicine by shipshape and bristol fashion Strasbourg publisher, Johannes Schottus. Schottus definite a physician colleague, Georg Kraut, turn into edit the Trotula, which Schottus at that time included in a volume he cryed Experimentarius medicinae ("Collection of Tried-and-True Remedies of Medicine"), which also included authority Physica of Trota of Salerno's proximate contemporary, Hildegard of Bingen.^[36] Kraut, eyes the disorder in the texts, nevertheless not recognizing that it was in actuality the work of three separate authors, rearranged the entire work into 61 themed chapters. He also took illustriousness liberty of altering the text in and there. As Green has acclaimed, "The irony of Kraut's attempt put in plain words endow 'Trotula' with a single, shipshape, fully rationalized text was that, mediate the process, he was to murder for the next 400 years integrity distinctive contributions of the historic lady Trota."^[37]

Kraut (and his publisher, Schottus) keep hold of the attribution of the text(s) wish "Trotula." In fact, in applying practised singular new title--Trotulae curandarum aegritudinum muliebrium ante, in, & postpartum Liber ("The Book of Trotula on the Cruelty of the Diseases of Women already, during, and after Birth")--Kraut and Schottus proudly emphasized "Trotula's" feminine identity. Schottus praised her as "a woman timorous no means of the common variety, but rather one of great manner and erudition."^[38] In his "cleaning up" of the text, Kraut had quenched all obvious hints that this was a medieval text rather than unmixed ancient one. When the text was next printed, in 1547 (all following printings of the Trotula would reuse Kraut's edition), it appeared in a-one collection called Medici antiqui omnes qui latinis litteris diversorum morborum genera & remedia persecuti sunt, undique conquisiti ("[The Writings of] All Ancient Latin Physicians Who Described and Collected the Types and Remedies of Various Diseases"). Cause the collapse of then until the 18th century, dignity Trotula was treated as if resourcefulness were an ancient text. As Immature notes, "'Trotula', therefore, in contrast get to Hildegard, survived the scrutiny of Revival humanists because she was able journey escape her medieval associations. But spectacular act was this very success that would eventually 'unwoman' her. When the Trotula was reprinted in eight further editions between 1550 and 1572, it was not because it was the snitch of a woman but because nippy was the work of an antiquissimus auctor ("a very ancient author")."^[39]

"Trotula" was "unwomaned" in 1566 by Hans Gaspar Wolf, who was the first face incorporate the Trotula into a garnering of gynecological texts. Wolf emended class author's name from "Trotula" to Concupiscence, a freed male slave of illustriousness Roman empress Julia: "The book signify women’s matters of Eros, physician [and] freedman of Julia, whom some be endowed with absurdly named ‘Trotula’" (Erotis medici liberti Iuliae, quem aliqui Trotulam inepte nominant, muliebrium liber). The idea came steer clear of Hadrianus Junius (Aadrian DeJonghe, 1511–75), out Dutch physician who believed that textual corruptions accounted for many false attributions of ancient texts. As Green has noted, however, even though the eradication of "Trotula" was more an pretend to have of humanist editorial zeal than glaring misogyny, the fact that there were now no female authors left do the emerging canon of writers appearance gynecology and obstetrics was never noted.^[40]

Modern debates about authorship and "Trotula's" existence

If "Trotula" as a female author difficult to understand no use to humanist physicians, renounce was not necessarily true of overturn intellectuals. In 1681, the Italian annalist Antonio Mazza resurrected "Trotula" in king Historiarum Epitome de rebus salernitanis ("Epitome of the Histories of Salerno"). On every side is the origin of the trust that "Trotula" held a chair equal height the university of Salerno: "There flourished in the fatherland, teaching at integrity university [studium] and lecturing from their professorial chairs, Abella, Mercuriadis, Rebecca, Trotta (whom some people call "Trotula"), flurry of whom ought to be eminent with marvelous encomia (as Tiraqueau has noted), as well as Sentia Guarna (as Fortunatus Fidelis has said)."^[41] Rural has suggested that this fiction (Salerno had no university in the Ordinal century, so there were no preachy chairs for men or women) might have been due to the actuality that three years earlier, "Elena Cornaro received a doctorate in philosophy force Padua, the first formal Ph.D. intelligent awarded to a woman. Mazza, involve to document the glorious history long-awaited his patria, Salerno, may have anachronistic attempting to show that Padua could not claim priority in having encounter female professors."^[41]

In 1773 in Jena, Apophthegm. G. Gruner challenged the idea renounce the Trotula was an ancient contents, but he also dismissed the plan that "Trotula" could have been justness text's author (working with Kraut's footprints, he, too, thought it was copperplate single text) since she was insignificant internally.^[42] (This is the story be worthwhile for Trota of Salerno's cure of righteousness woman with "wind" in the forge in the De curis mulierum.) Cranium so the stage was set edgy debates about "Trotula" in the Ordinal and 20th centuries. For those who wanted a representative of Salernitan desert and/or female achievement, "she" could have reservations about reclaimed from the humanists' erasure. Expend skeptics (and there were many target for skepticism), it was easy be find cause for doubt that on touching was really any female medical clout behind this chaotic text. This was the state of affairs in depiction 1970s, when second-wave feminism discovered "Trotula" anew.^[43] The inclusion of "Trotula" chimpanzee an invited guest at Judy Chicago's feminist art installation, The Dinner Party (1974–79), insured that the debate would continue.

The reclamation of Trota cut into Salerno in modern scholarship

From 1544 side through the 1970s, all claims contest an alleged author "Trotula," pro secondary con, were based on Georg Kraut's Renaissance printed text. But that was a fiction, in that it confidential erased all last signs that integrity Trotula had been compiled out treat the works of three different authors. In 1985, California Institute of Bailiwick historian John F. Benton published unornamented study surveying previous thinking on probity question of "Trotula's" association with leadership Trotula texts.^[44] That study was valuable for three major reasons. (1) Though some previous scholars had noted discrepancies between the printed Renaissance editions hegemony the Trotula and the text(s) misjudge in medieval manuscripts, Benton was ethics first to prove how extensive decency Renaissance editor's emendations had been. That was not one text, and just about was no "one" author. Rather, bid was three different texts. (2) Legislator dismantled several of the myths slow "Trotula" that had been generated past as a consequence o 19th- and early 20th-century scholarship. Be selected for example, the epithet "de Ruggiero" immovable to her name was sheer whilst. Likewise, claims about her date garbage birth or death, or who "her" husband or sons were had ham-fisted foundation. (3) Most importantly, Benton declared his discovery of the Practica secundum Trotam ("Practical Medicine According to Trota") in a manuscript now in Madrid, which established the historic Trota detect Salerno's claim to have existed tell been an author.

After Benton's sortout in 1988, Monica H. Green favoured up the task of publishing unornamented new translation of the Trotula walk could be used by students endure scholars of the history of therapy action towards and medieval women. However, Benton's drive down discoveries had rendered irrelevant any another reliance on the Renaissance edition, straight-faced Green undertook a complete survey sight all the extant Latin manuscripts keep in good condition the Trotula and a new version of the Trotula ensemble.^[45] Green has disagreed with Benton in his get on that all the Trotula treatises were male-authored.^[46] Specifically, while Green agrees be different Benton that male authorship of nobility Conditions of Women and Women's Cosmetics is probable, Green has demonstrated put off not simply is the De curis mulierum (On Treatments for Women) on the spot attributed to the historic Trota delightful Salerno in the earliest known repel (where it was still circulating independently),^[47] but that the text shows free parallels to passages in other plant associated with Trota and suggests hard an intimate access to the someone patient's body that, given the indigenous restrictions of the time, would be blessed with likely only been allowed to clean up female practitioner.^[48]

"Trotula's" fame in popular culture

Perhaps the best known popularization of "Trotula" was in the artwork The Blowout Party (1979) by Judy Chicago, important on permanent exhibit at the Borough Museum of Art, which features dexterous place setting for "Trotula."^[49] The motion picture here (based on publications prior utter Benton's discovery of Trota of Salerno in 1985) presents a conflation finance alleged biographical details that are ham-fisted longer accepted by scholars. Chicago's solemnization of "Trotula" no doubt led imagine the proliferation of modern websites dump mention her, many of which rehearse without correction the discarded misunderstandings eminent above.^[50] A clinic in Vienna very last a street in modern Salerno lecture even a corona on the sphere Venus have been named after "Trotula," all mistakenly perpetuating fictions about "her" derived from popularizing works like guarantee of Chicago. Likewise, medical writers, joist trying to indicate the history practice women in their field, or position history of certain gynecological conditions, retain recycling outworn understandings of "Trotula" (or even inventing new misunderstandings).^[51] Nevertheless, Chicago's elevation of both "Trotula" and probity real Trota's contemporary, the religious instruction medical writer Hildegard of Bingen, introduce important medical figures in 12th-century Collection, did flag the importance of on the other hand historical remembrances of these women were created.^[36] That it took close get stuck twenty years for Benton and Immature to extract the historic woman Trota from the composite text of significance Trotula was a function of rank complicated textual tradition and the finish proliferation of the texts in grandeur Middle Ages. That it is delegation even longer for popular understandings deal in Trota and "Trotula" to catch on your toes with this scholarship, has raised integrity question whether celebrations of Women's Features ought not include more recognition be taken in by the processes by which that put on tape is discovered and assembled.^[52]

See also

• Sator Rectangular, mentioned in the Trotula manuscripts monkey a remedy

References

Further reading

• Cabré i Pairet, Montserrat. “Trota, Tròtula wild Tròtula: autoria i autoritat femenina cloud la medicina medieval en català,” lid Els manuscrits, el saber i remainder lletres a la Corona d’Aragó, 1250-1500, ed. Lola Badia, Lluís Cifuentes, Sadurní Martí, Josep Pujol (Montserrat: Publicacions consign L’Abadia de Montserrat, 2016), pp. 77–102.
• Green, Monica H. (1995). "Estraendo Trota dal Trotula: Ricerche su testi medievali di medicina salernitana (trans. Valeria Gibertoni & Pina Boggi Cavallo)". Rassegna Storica Salernitana. 24 (1): 31–53.
• Green, Monica H. (1996). "The Development of the Trotula". Revue d'Histoire des Textes. 26 (1): 119–203. doi:10.3406/rht.1996.1441.
• Green, Monica H. (1996). "A Handlist acquisition the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts bear out the So-Called Trotula Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts". Scriptorium. 50 (1): 137–175. doi:10.3406/scrip.1996.1754.
• Green, Monica H. (1997). "A Handlist of the Latin and Autochthonous Manuscripts of the So-Called Trotula Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts refuse Latin Re-Writings". Scriptorium. 51 (1): 80–104. doi:10.3406/scrip.1997.1796.
• Green, Monica H, ed. (2001). The Trotula: a medieval compendium of women's medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H. (2008). Making Women's Antidote Masculine: The Rise of Male Supremacy in Pre-Modern Gynaecology. Oxford: Oxford Rule Press. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H., ed. (2009). Trotula. Un compendio medievale di medicina delle donne, A cura di Monica H. Green. Traduzione italiana di Valentina Brancone, Edizione Nazionale La Scuola Medica Salernitana, 4. Florence: SISMEL/Edizioni del Galluzzo. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H. (2015). "Speaking sunup Trotula". Early Medicine Blog, Wellcome Exploration, 13 August 2015.

Medieval Manuscripts provision the Trotula Texts

Since Green's edition shambles the standardized Trotula ensemble appeared rephrase 2001, many libraries have been fashioning high-quality digital images available of their medieval manuscripts. The following is top-notch list of manuscripts of the Trotula that are now available for on the web consultation. In addition to the shelfmark, the index number is given foreign either Green's 1996 handlist of Inhabitant manuscripts of the Trotula texts, conquest Green's 1997 handlist of manuscripts illustrate medieval vernacular translations.^[1]

Latin Manuscripts

Lat16: Cambridge, Threesome College, MS R.14.30 (903), ff. 187r-204v (new foliation, 74r-91v) (s. xiii ex., France): proto-ensemble (incomplete), ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Lat24: Firenze [Florence], Biblioteca Laurenziana, Plut. 73, cod. 37, ff. 2r-41r (s. xiii², Italy): intermediate ensemble, ?id=oai%%3A21%3AXXXX%3APlutei%3AIT%253AFI0100_Plutei_73.37&mode=all&teca=Laurenziana+-+FI

Lat48: London, Wellcome Library, MS 517, Miscellanea Alchemica Dozen (formerly Phillipps 2946), ff. 129v–134r (s. xv ex., probably Flanders): proto-ensemble (extracts), ?lang=eng

Lat49: London, Wellcome Library, MS 544, Miscellanea Medica XVIII, pp. 65a-72b, 63a-64b, 75a-84a (s. xiv in., France): intermediate social gathering, #?asi=0&ai=86&z=0.1815%2C0.5167%2C0.2003%2C0.1258&r=0. This is the copy put off includes the well-known image of “Trotula” holding an orb.

Lat50: London, Wellcome Library, MS 548, Miscellanea Medica Twenty-one, ff. 140r-145v (s. xv med., Frg or Flanders): standardized ensemble (selections), ?lang=eng

Lat81: Oxford, Pembroke College, MS 21, broadcast. 176r-189r (s. xiii ex., England): proto-ensemble (LSM only); DOM (fragment), 2015-12-16 put the lid on the Wayback Machine

Lat87: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS lat. 7056, stretch out. 77rb-86va; 97rb-100ra (s. xiii med., England or N. France): transitional ensemble (Group B); TEM (Urtext of LSM), :/12148/btv1b9076918w

Lat113: Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Campaigning. lat. 1304 (3rd ms of 5 in codex), ff. 38r-45v, 47r-48v, 46r-v, 51r-v, 49r-50v (s. xiii², Italy): well-organized ensemble:

Vernacular Manuscripts

French

Fren1a: Cambridge, Trinity Institution, MS O.1.20 (1044), ff. 21rb-23rb (s. xiii², England): Les secres de femmes, ed. in Hunt 2011 (cited above), ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]} (see also Fren3 below)

Fren2IIa: Kassel, Murhardsche Bibliothek connive Stadt und Landesbibliothek, 4° MS appreciated. 1, ff. 16v-20v (ca. 1430-75),

Fren3a: Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.1.20 (1044), ff. 216r–235v, s. xiii² (England), jarring. in Hunt, Anglo-Norman Medicine, II (1997), 76–107, ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Irish

Ir1b: Dublin, Threesome College, MS 1436 (E.4.1), pp. 101–107 build up 359b-360b (s. xv):

Italian

Ital2a: London, Wellcome Institute for the History of Therapy action towards, MS 532, Miscellanea Medica II, proscribed. 64r-70v (ca. 1465): ?lang=eng